[Webmaster's clarification: for citations 1-10 see Legal Citations on aging]

11. Abrams, Donald I., et al [2003]. Short-Term Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with HIV-1 Infection: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Aug 19;139(4):258-66.

 

Arthritis

12. Russo EB. Role of cannabis and cannabinoids in pain management. In: Weiner RS, editor. Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians. 6th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002. p. 357-375.

13. 2. Marcandier M. Treatise on hemp. London: T. Becket and P.A. de Hondt; 1764.

14. E. Formukong et al., "Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activity of Constituents of Cannabis Sativa L.," Inflammation 12 (1988): 361.

15. M.L. Barret et al, "Isolation from Cannabis sativa L. of Cannflavon - a novel inhibitor of prostaglandin production," Biochem. Pharmacol. 34: 2019 (1985);

16. S.H. Burstein et al, "Antagonism to the actions of platelet activating factor by a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid," J Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 251: 531-5 (1989)

17. R.D. Sofia, "Antiedemic and analgesic properties of delta-9-THC compared with three other drugs," Eur. J. Pharamacol. 41: 705-9 (1989).

18. Zurier RB, et al. Dimethylheptyl-THC-11 Oic Acid: A Nonpsychoactive Antiinflammatory Agent with a Cannabinoid Template Structure. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM January 1998; volume 41, number 1, pages 163-170.

19. Costa B, et al. Oral anti-inflammatory activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, in acute carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat paw. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;369(3):294-9. Epub 2004 Feb 12.

20. Malfait AM, et al. "The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 15 97(17):9561-6.

21. James JS. Marijuana, inflammation, and CT-3 (DMH-11C): cannabis leads to new class of antiinflammatory drugs. AIDS Treat News. 1998 Jan 23;(No 287):1, 5.

22. Straus SE, "Immunoactive cannabinoids: Therapeutic prospects for marijuana constituents," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 15 97(17):9563.

23. Shohami, E. Nature. 2001 Oct 4;413(6855):527-31.

24. Burstein SH, "Ajulemic acid (CT3): a potent analog of the acid metabolites of THC," Curr Pharm Des. 2000 Sep 6(13):1339-45.

25. Burstein SH, Karst M, Schneider U, Zurier RB. Ajulemic acid: A novel cannabinoid produces analgesia without a "high". Life Sci. 2004 Aug 6;75(12):1513-22.

26. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breur A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992;258:1946-1949.

27. Barg J, Fride E, Hanus L, et al. Cannabinomimetic behavioral effects of and adenylate cyclase inhibition by two new endogenous anandamides. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995;287:145-152.

28. Klein TW, Newton C and Friedman H. Cannabinoid receptors and immunity. Immunol Today. 1998; 797:225- 233.

29. Daaka Y, Friedman H and Klein TW. Cannabinoid receptor proteins are increased in jurkat, human T-cell line after mitogen activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996;276:776-783.

30. Kaminski, NE; Immune regulation by cannabinoid compounds through the inhibition of the cyclic AMP signaling cascade and altered gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52(8):1133-40,

31. Di Marzo V. 'Endocannabinoids' and other fatty acid derivatives with cannabimimetic properties: biochemistry and possible physiopathological relevance. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1998;1392(2-3):153-75.

32. Smith PB, Compton DR, Welch SP, et al. The pharmacological activity of anandamide, a putative endogenous cannabinoid in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;270:219-227.

33. Burstein SH. Ajulemic acid (CT3): a potent analog of the acid metabolites of THC. Curr Pharm Des. 2000 Sep;6(13):1339-45.

34. Zurier RB, Rossetti RG, Burstein SH, Bidinger B. Suppression of human monocyte interleukin-1beta production by ajulemic acid, a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Feb 15;65(4):649-55.

 

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35. O'Shaughnessy WB. On the preparations of the Indian hemp, or gunjah (Cannabis indica); their effects on the animal system in health, and their utility in the treatment of tetanus and other convulsive diseases. Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bengal 1838-18; 40: 71-102, 421-61.

36. Reynolds JR. Therapeutical uses and toxic effects of Cannabis indica. Lancet 1890; i: 637-638.

37. R. Noyes et al., "The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine," Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18 (1975): 84-89.

38. R. Noyes, D. Baram. "Cannabis analgesia" Compr. Psychiatry 15 (1974): 531.

39. D. Petro. "Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm and spasticity." Psychosomatics 21 (1980): 81-85.

40. R. El-Mallakh. "Marijuana and migraine." Headache 27 (1987): 442-443.

41. A. Holdcroft et al. "Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever." Anaesthesia 5 (1997): 483-486.

42. W. Hall, et al., The Health and Psychological Consequences of Cannabis Use, Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service (1994): 194. http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/home.htm

43. L. Growing et al., "Therapeutic use of cannabis: clarifying the debate," Drug and Alcohol Review 17 (1998): 445-452.

44. Society for Neuroscience Press Conference, October 26, 1997. http://www.calyx.com/%7Eolsen/MEDICAL/ POT/analgesia.html; "Marijuana-Like Drugs May Be Effective Painkillers." Los Angeles Times. 26, Oct., 1997.

45. J. Joy et al., "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base", Washington D.C.: National Academy Press (1999), Chapter 4, Section 4.4 http://bob.nap.edu/books/0309071550/html/

46. ibid

47. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, "Ninth Report," London: United Kingdom (1998): Section 5.26 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/

48. Karst, M et al, " Analgesic Effect of the Synthetic Cannabinoid CT-3 on Chronic Neuropathic Pain A Randomized Controlled Trial," JAMA. 2003;290:1757-1762.

49. Richardson, Jennelle Durnet; Kilo, Sonja; Hargreaves, Kenneth M. "Cannabinoids Reduce Hyperalgesia and Inflammation via Interaction with Peripheral CB1 Receptors." Pain. 1998. 75(1): 111-119.

50. I. Meng et al. "An analgesic circuit activated by cannabinoids." Nature 395 (1998): 381-383.

51. Klarreich, Erica. "Cannabis spray blunts pain: Early trials suggest cannabis spritz may give relief to chronic pain sufferers." British Association for the Advancement of Science. 4 Sept., 2001.

52. R. Callahan, "How Does Marijuana Kill Pain?" Associated Press, October 4, 1998. http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98/n868/a07.html

53. Welch SP, Eads M. , "Synergistic interactions of endogenous opioids and cannabinoid systems." Brain Res. 1999 Nov 27;848(1-2):183-90.

54. Maurer, et al., "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Shows Antispastic and Analgesic Effects in a Single Case Double-Blind Trial," European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 240:1-4 (Spring 1990)

55. Holdcroft, A., op cit.

56. Martin, W.J., Basic Mechanisms of Cannabinoid-Induced Analgesia, IASP Newsletter (International Association for the Study of Pain) Summer 1999, at 89.

57. Cookson, C. High Hopes for Cannabis to Relieve Pain: British Association Science Festival in Glasgow, Financial Times, September 4, 2001, at National News pg. 4

 

Cancer

58. Joy, Janet E.; Stanley J. Watson, Jr.; John A. Benson, Jr., Eds. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. Washington, DC: Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Institute of Medicine. 1999.

59. British Medical Association [1997]. Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis. Harwood Academic Pub.

60. House of Lords, Select Committee on Science and Technology, [1998]. Cannabis: The Scientific and Medical Evidence. London, England: The Stationery Office, Parliament.

61. American Cancer Society [2003]. Cancer Facts and Figures 2003. http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2003PWSecured.pdf

62. "Review of the Human Studies on the Medical Use of Marijuana," Dale Gieringer, Ph.D. (1996). http://norml.org/medical/medmj.studies.shtml. See state studies at http://www.drugpolicy.org/

63. W. Hall, et al., The Health and Psychological Consequences of Cannabis Use, Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service (1994): 189. http://www.druglibrary.org/

64. Guzman M. [2003] Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 3(10): 745-55

65. Joy, op. cit., 259. (Chapter 4 of this report contains sections on nausea, vomiting, wasting syndrome and anorexia)

66. Doblin, Richard; Kleiman, Mark A. R. "Marijuana as Antiemetic Medicine: A Survey of Oncologists' Experiences and Attitudes." J Clin Oncol, 1991; 9: 1275-1290.

67. Knox, Richard A. "Study may undercut marijuana opponents - Report says THC did not cause cancer." Boston Globe. January 30, 1997. p. 1(A).

68. James, John S. "Medical Marijuana: Unpublished Federal Study Found THC- Treated Rats Lived Longer, Had Less Cancer." AIDS Treatment News. 1997. 263. http://www.immunet.org/

69. M. Guzman, "Cannabinoids: Potential Anticancer Agents," Nature Reviews Cancer 3, (2003) 745 -755.

70. Blazquez C, Casanova ML, Planas A, Del Pulgar TG, Villanueva C, Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Aragones J, Huffman JW, Jorcano JL, Guzman M. [2003] Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by cannabinoids. FASEB J. 17(3): 529-31. Epub 2003 Jan 02.

71. Sanchez C, de Ceballos ML, del Pulgar TG, Rueda D, Corbacho C, Velasco G, Galve-Roperh I, Huffman JW, Ramon y Cajal S, Guzman M. [2001] Inhibition of glioma growth in vivo by selective activation of the CB(2) cannabinoid receptor. Cancer Res. 61(15): 5784-9.

72. Casanova ML, Blazquez C, Martinez-Palacio J, Villanueva C, Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Huffman JW, Jorcano JL, Guzman M. [2003] Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors. J Clin Invest. 111(1): 43-50

73. Jacobsson SO, Wallin T, Fowler CJ. [2001] Inhibition of rat C6 glioma cell proliferation by endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids. Relative involvement of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Dec;299(3): 951-9.

74. I. Galve-Roperph et al. "Antitumoral action of cannabinoids: involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation of ERK activation." Nature Medicine 6 (2000): 313-319; ACM Bulletin. "THC destroys brain cancer in animal research." http://www.acmed.org/english/2000/eb000305.html

75. J. Benard. "Cannabinoids, among others, send malignant tumors to nirvana." Bull Cancer 87 (2000): 299- 300.

76. Di Marzo V., et al. "Palmitoylethanolamide inhibits the expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase and enhances the anti-proliferative effect of anandamide in human breast cancer cells." Biochem J. 2001. 15(358): 249-55.

77. J. Molnar et al. "Membrane associated with antitumor effects of crocine-ginsenoside and cannabinoid derivatives." Anticancer Res 20 (2000): 861-867.

78. L. Ruiz et al. "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces apoptosis in human prostate PC-3 cells via a receptorindependent mechanism." FEBS Letter 458 (1999): 400-404.

79. S. Baek et al. "Antitumor activity of cannabigerol against human oral epitheloid carcinoma cells." Arch Pharm Res 21 (1998): 353-356.

80. L. Harris et al., "Anti-tumoral Properties of Cannabinoids," The Pharmacology of Marihuana, ed. M. Braude et al., 2 vols., New York: Raven Press (1976) 2: 773-776 as cited by L. Grinspoon et al., Marihuana: The Forbidden Medicine (second edition), New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (1997), 173.

81. "Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in F344N/N Rats and BC63F1 Mice," National Institutes of Health National Toxicology Program, NIH Publication No. 97-3362 (November 1996).

82. L. De Petrocellis et al., The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (1998): 8375-8380. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/95/14/8375

83. "Pot Chemicals Might Inhibit Breast Tumors, Stroke Damage," Dallas Morning News, July 13, 1998.

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86. Mimeault M, Pommery N, Wattez N, Bailly C, Henichart JP. [2003] Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of anandamide in human prostatic cancer cell lines: implication of epidermal growth factor receptor down-regulation and ceramide production. Prostate. 56(1): 1-12. 87. Ligresti A, Bisogno T, Matias I, De Petrocellis L, Cascio MG, Cosenza V, D'argenio G, Scaglione G, Bifulco M, Sorrentini I, Di Marzo V. [2003] Possible endocannabinoid control of colorectal cancer growth. Gastroenterology. 125(3):677-87.

88. Gomez del Pulgar T, Velasco G, Sanchez C, Haro A, Guzman M. [2002] De novo-synthesized ceramide is involved in cannabinoid-induced apoptosis. Biochem J. 363(Pt 1):183-8.

89. Gomez Del Pulgar T, De Ceballos ML, Guzman M, Velasco G. [2002] Cannabinoids protect astrocytes from ceramide-induced apoptosis through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. J Biol Chem. 277(39):36527-33. Epub 2002 Jul 19.

90. Gonzalez S, Mauriello-Romanazzi G, Berrendero F, Ramos JA, Franzoni MF, Fernandez-Ruiz J. [2000] Decreased cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in pituitary hyperplasia induced by prolonged exposure to estrogens. Pituitary. 3(4):221-6.

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94. Ibid.

95. Ibid.

96. Zajicek J, et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 Nov 8;362(9395):1517-26. Muller-Vahl KR, et al. Cannabis in movement disorders. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999 Oct;6 Suppl 3:23-7.

97. Amtmann D, et al. Survey of cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2004 Mar-Apr;21(2):95-104.

98. Baker D, et al. Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature. 2000 Mar 2;404(6773):84-7.

99. Lorenz R. On the application of cannabis in paediatrics and epileptology. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2004 Feb- Apr;25(1-2):40-4.

100. Malec J, et al. Cannabis effect on spasticity in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982 Mar;63(3):116-8.

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104. Manno, J. E., et.al. "Comparative Effects of Smoking Marihuana or Placebo on Human Motor & Mental Performance," Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 11:6, 808-815 (1970).

105. Meinck, H.M., et.al. "Effect of Cannabinoids on Spasticity and Ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis," Journal of Neurology, 236:120-22 (1989).

106. Petro, D. & Ellenberger, C. Jr.. "Treatment of Human Spasticity with Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol," Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 21:8&9, 413S-416S (1981).

107. Petro, D. "Marijuana as a Therapeutic Agent for Muscle Spasm or Spasticity," Psychosomatics,21:1, 81-85 (1980).

108. Howlett AC. Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995;35:607-634.

109. Abood ME and Martin BR. Molecular neurobiology of the cannabinoid receptor. Intl Rev Neurobiol. 1996;39:197-221.

110. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breur A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992;258:1946-1949.

111. Barg J, Fride E, Hanus L, et al. Cannabinomimetic behavioral effects of and adenylate cyclase inhibition by two new endogenous anandamides. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995;287:145-152.

112. Klein TW, Newton C and Friedman H. Cannabinoid receptors and immunity. Immunol Today. 1998; 797:225-233.

113. Pryce G, Ahmed Z, Hankey DJ, Jackson SJ, Croxford JL, Pocock JM, Ledent C, Petzold A, Thompson AJ, Giovannoni G, Cuzner ML, Baker D. Cannabinoids inhibit neurodegeneration in models of multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2003 Oct;126(Pt 10):2191-202. Epub 2003 Jul 22.

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