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Research citations supporting
GI data found on this site

[Webmaster's clarification: for citations 1-10 see GI Legal Citations]

11. Abrams, Donald I., et al [2003]. Short-Term Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with HIV-1 Infection: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Aug 19;139(4):258-66.5. Dixon WE. The pharmacology of Cannabis indica. BMJ 1899; ii: 1354-1357.

12. Joy JE, Watson SJ, Benson JA, Jr. Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 1999.

13. Croci T, Landi M, Galzin AM, Marini P. Role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the gut and systemic anti-inflammatory activity of SR 141716 (rimonabant) in rodents. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;140(1):115-22. Epub 2003 Jul 29.

14. Izzo AA, Fezza F, Capasso R, Bisogno T, Pinto L, Iuvone T, Esposito G, Mascolo N, Di Marzo V, Capasso F. Cannabinoid CB1-receptor mediated regulation of gastrointestinal motility in mice in a model of intestinal inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;134(3):563-70.

15. Dajani EZ, Larsen KR, Taylor J, Dajani NE, Shahwan TG, Neeleman SD, Taylor MS, Dayton MT, Mir GN. 1',1'-Dimethylheptyl-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid: a novel, orally effective cannabinoid with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):31-8.

16. Kulkarni-Narla A, Brown DR. Localization of CB1-cannabinoid receptor immunoreactivity in the porcine enteric nervous system. Cell Tissue Res. 2000 Oct;302(1):73-80.

17. Coutts AA, Irving AJ, Mackie K, Pertwee RG, Anavi-Goffer S. Localisation of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor immunoreactivity in the guinea pig and rat myenteric plexus. J Comp Neurol. 2002 Jul 8;448(4):410-22.

18. "Review of Human Studies on the Medical Use of Marijuana," Dale Gieringer, Ph.D. (1996).

19. Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, Morales JO, Bellman P, Yangco B, Lefkowitz L, Plasse T, Shepard KV (1995). Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 10, 89-97

20. R. Foltin, et al. Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory, Appetite 11 (1988): 1-14.

21. R. Foltin, et al. Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 25 (1986): 577-582.

22. H. Gross, et al. A double-blind trial of delta-9-THC in primary anorexia nervosa, Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 3 (1983): 165-171

23. L. Hollister, "Hunger and appetite after single doses of marihuana, alcohol, and dextroamphetamine," Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12 (1971): 44-49

24. I. Greenberg et al., "Effects of marihuana use on body weight and caloric intake in humans", Journal of Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 49 (1976): 79-84

25. Gonzalez-Rosales F, Walsh D. Intractable nausea and vomiting due to gastrointestinal mucosal metastases relieved by tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol). J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Nov;14(5):311-4.

26. Darmani NA. The potent emetogenic effects of the endocannabinoid, 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) are blocked by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannnabinoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):34-42.

27. Van Sickle MD, Oland LD, Ho W, Hillard CJ, Mackie K, Davison JS, Sharkey KA. Cannabinoids inhibit emesis through CB1 receptors in the brainstem of the ferret. Gastroenterology. 2001 Oct;121(4):767-74.

28. Anderson PO, McGuire GG. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981 May;38(5):639-46.

29. Coutts AA, Izzo AA. The gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoids: an update. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;4(6):572-9.

30. Casu MA, Porcella A, Ruiu S, Saba P, Marchese G, Carai MA, Reali R, Gessa GL, Pani L. Differential distribution of functional cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the mouse gastroenteric tract. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Jan 10;459(1):97-105

31. Pinto L, Capasso R, Di Carlo G, Izzo AA. Endocannabinoids and the gut. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Feb-Mar;66(2-3):333-41.

32. Manara L, Croci T, Guagnini F, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Mukenge S, Ferla G. Functional assessment of neuronal cannabinoid receptors in the muscular layers of human ileum and colon. Dig Liver Dis. 2002 Apr;34(4):262.

33. Hillard CJ. Biochemistry and pharmacology of the endocannabinoids arachidonylethanolamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2000 Apr;61(1-2):3-18.

34. Croci T, Manara L, Aureggi G, Guagnini F, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Mukenge S, Ferla G. In vitro functional evidence of neuronal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in human ileum. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Dec;125(7):1393-5.

35. Grotenhermen F. Pharmacology of cannabinoids. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004 Feb-Apr;25(1-2):14-23.

36. Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso F. The gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoids. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001 Dec;1(6):597-603.

37. Pertwee RG. Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 2001 Jun;48(6):859-67.

38. Mancinelli R, Fabrizi A, Del Monaco S, Azzena GB, Vargiu R, Colombo GC, Gessa GL. Inhibition of peristaltic activity by cannabinoids in the isolated distal colon of mouse. Life Sci. 2001 May 25;69(1):101-11.

39. Mascolo N, Izzo AA, Ligresti A, Costagliola A, Pinto L, Cascio MG, Maffia P, Cecio A, Capasso F, Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system and the molecular basis of paralytic ileus in mice. FASEB J. 2002 Dec;16(14):1973-5. Epub 2002 Oct 18.

40. Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Pinto L, Capasso R, Capasso F. The role of cannabinoid receptors in intestinal motility, defaecation and diarrhoea in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Nov 12;384(1):37-42.

41. Landi M, Croci T, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Manara L. Modulation of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats through intestinal cannabinoid CB(1) receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug 16;450(1):77-83.

42. Pinto L, Izzo AA, Cascio MG, Bisogno T, Hospodar-Scott K, Brown DR, Mascolo N, Di Marzo V, Capasso F. Endocannabinoids as physiological regulators of colonic propulsion in mice. Gastroenterology. 2002 Jul;123(1):227-34.

43. Krowicki ZK, Moerschbaecher JM, Winsauer PJ, Digavalli SV, Hornby PJ. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits gastric motility in the rat through cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Apr 29;371(2-3):187-96.

44. Heinemann A, Shahbazian A, Holzer P. Cannabinoid inhibition of guinea-pig intestinal peristalsis via inhibition of excitatory and activation of inhibitory neural pathways. Neuropharmacology. 1999 Sep;38(9):1289-97.

45. Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Borrelli F, Capasso F. Defaecation, intestinal fluid accumulation and motility in rodents: implications of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999 Jan;359(1):65-70.

46. Colombo G, Agabio R, Lobina C, Reali R, Gessa GL. Cannabinoid modulation of intestinal propulsion in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Feb 26;344(1):67-9.

47. Calignano A, La Rana G, Makriyannis A, Lin SY, Beltramo M, Piomelli D. Inhibition of intestinal motility by anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):R7-8.

48. Shook JE, Burks TF. Psychoactive cannabinoids reduce gastrointestinal propulsion and motility in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1989 May;249(2):444-9.

49. Shook JE, Dewey WL, Burks TF. The central and peripheral effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on gastrointestinal transit in mice. NIDA Res Monogr. 1986;67:222-7.

50. Hornby PJ, Prouty SM. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in gut motility and visceral perception. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Apr;141(8):1335-45.

51. Izzo AA, Pinto L, Borrelli F, Capasso R, Mascolo N, Capasso F. Central and peripheral cannabinoid modulation of gastrointestinal transit in physiological states or during the diarrhoea induced by croton oil. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;129(8):1627-32.

52. Russo EB. Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions? Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004 Feb-Apr;25(1-2):31-9.

53. Tonini M, De Giorgio R, De Ponti F. Progress with novel pharmacological strategies for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Drugs. 2004;64(4):347-61.

54. Partosoedarso ER, Abrahams TP, Moerschbaecher JM, Hornby PJ. Cannabinoid1 receptor in the dorsal vagal complex modulates lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation in ferrets. J Physiol. 2003 May 16.

55. Lehmann A, Blackshaw LA, Branden L, Carlsson A, Jensen J, Nygren E, Smid SD. Cannabinoid receptor agonism inhibits transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux in dogs. Gastroenterology. 2002 Oct;123(4):1129-34.

56. Russo. Op.Cit.

57. Di Carlo G, Izzo AA. Cannabinoids for gastrointestinal diseases: potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 Jan;12(1):39-49. Vigna SR. Cannabinoids and the gut. Gastroenterology. 2003 Sep;125(3):973-5.

58. Hunt RH, Tougas G. Evolving concepts in functional gastrointestinal disorders: promising directions for novel pharmaceutical treatments. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2002 Dec;16(6):869-83.

59. Izzo AA, Mascolo N, Capasso F. Forgotten target for marijuana: the endocannabinoid system in the gut. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000 Oct;21(10):372-3.


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